#18 - Hospitals, universities, labor unions, and other

[SeoYoung]

Hi Atul,

It looks like you were looking at answer choices B, D, and E.

For answer choice (B), not all is not the same as none. "None" would mean 0 of them. There aren't any. "Not all" would mean everything but all, or 0-99 percent of them. It includes the idea of none, but also a broader idea that includes 1 percent, 2 percent, and so on up to 99 percent.

For answer choice (D) we have a few issues. First, as you point out, we know nothing about who founded these institutions. We can't determine what must be true without any information on the founders. Additionally, we don't know anything about unintended social consequences mentioned in the answer choice.

For answer choice (E) we don't know about the institutions serving multiple purposes. We know that different people may be acting for different reasons, but the institution itself isn't said to serve purposes other than those for which they were created.

Hope that helps!
Rachael

I know that “not all” does not mean none of them.
However, in the stimulus, “each of their individual staff members does what she or he does only for selfish reasons”
In my short opinion, I think that each means all individual and (B) means not all, so two of them do not match..
Thanks!

[Jeff Wren]

Hi Seo,

You're correct that the stimulus mentions "each of their individual staff members" which would mean "all" of the staff members. However, what the stimulus is stating is that:

each/all "of the staff members do what he or she does only for selfish reasons" which is the opposite of the public purposes of the organizations that they work for (hospitals, universities, etc.). In other words, none of the staff members share the public purpose of the organizations that they work for according to the stimulus.

This idea is best captured in Answer B. This answer could have use the word "none" rather than "not all," but using "not all" is still fine and does not make the answer incorrect. While "not all" and "none" are not identical in meaning (as Racheal explained her earlier post), "not all" includes "none" in its range of possibilities (0-99%).

In other words, if none of the employees share the public purpose of the organizations that they work for (as described in the stimulus), it is also true (although less precise) that not all of the employees share the public purpose of the organizations that they work for. This idea then gets generalized to the broader idea that "an organization can have a property that not all of its members possess."